Where each NC standard is covered / Gdzie znaleźć każdy standard¶

The North Carolina Standard Course of Study for Biology — approved July 2023, in classrooms from 2024–25 — is four strands, ten standards, twenty-seven objectives. This page lists all twenty-seven and links every term page in this library that teaches them, so you can go the other way round: from the objective on the packet's unit cover sheet to the pages that explain it.

Podstawa programowa z biologii dla Karoliny Północnej (przyjęta w lipcu 2023, obowiązuje od roku 2024–25) to cztery działy tematyczne, dziesięć standardów i dwadzieścia siedem celów kształcenia. Ta strona wymienia wszystkie dwadzieścia siedem i linkuje do haseł, które je omawiają — od celu wypisanego na okładce działu w szkolnym pakiecie do stron, które go tłumaczą.

Why these standards and not some other set — Honors vs standard, and how AP Biology differs: STANDARDS.md. Every term A–Z: GLOSSARY.md.

How to read this page¶

The codes. The standards document writes LS.Bio.1.1; NCDPI's EOC test specifications drop the prefix and write Bio.1.1. Same objective — expect to see both.
The verbs are load-bearing. Every 2023 objective opens with a Science and Engineering Practice — use models, construct an explanation, carry out investigations, analyze and interpret data, use mathematics and computational thinking, engage in argument from evidence. Between 50% and 70% of EOC items pair a science idea with one of those practices, so "explain photosynthesis" is not the same task as "use a model to illustrate photosynthesis." The wording below is shortened; the official text is in the source PDF at the foot of this page.
Honors changes the depth, not the list. An Honors section covers exactly these objectives and takes exactly this EOC. See STANDARDS.md.
A dagger (†) means the page is not written yet. Those terms are on the list and unlinked on purpose.
A term can appear under two objectives. Phenotype belongs to both 7.1 and 7.2; mutation to both 2.2 and 6.2. That is the standards' own overlap, not a mistake.

What the EOC weighs¶

Fifty operational items, and the strands are not equal. If study time has to be rationed, ration it by this table:

Strand	Objectives	Weight	Items
Strand 1 · From Molecules to Organisms — Structures and Processes	LS.Bio.1–3	26–34%	13–17 items
Strand 2 · Ecosystems — Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics	LS.Bio.4–5	14–22%	7–11 items
Strand 3 · Heredity — Inheritance and Variation of Traits	LS.Bio.6–8	24–32%	12–16 items
Strand 4 · Biological Evolution — Unity and Diversity	LS.Bio.9–10	20–28%	10–14 items
Total		100%	50 operational (60 with field-test items)

Strand 1 · From Molecules to Organisms — Structures and Processes¶

Od cząsteczek do organizmów — budowa i procesy — 26–34% of the EOC (13–17 items).

LS.Bio.1 — Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.1.1	Construct an explanation of how structure and function relate in the major macromolecules of life.	Monomer (subunit), Polymer, Organic, Carbohydrate, Monosaccharide, Polysaccharide, Glucose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Lipid, Protein, Amino acid, Peptide bond, Polypeptide, Nucleic acid, Nucleotide, Hemoglobin, Insulin, Hormone
LS.Bio.1.2	Carry out investigations showing how enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions — and how environmental factors change enzyme activity.	Enzymes, Catalyst, Active site, Substrate, Lock and key model, Activation energy (Eₐ), Denatured enzyme, Reactant (input), Product (output), Metabolism, Endothermic (endergonic), Exothermic (exergonic), pH, Acid, Base, Buffer, Ion, Ionization of Water
LS.Bio.1.3	Use models to explain how an organelle's structure determines its function and supports the whole cell.	Cell, Organelle, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Ribosome, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicles, Lysosome, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Vacuoles, Central Vacuole, Contractile Vacuole, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Cilia, Flagella, Pseudopod, Eyespot, Cell (Plasma) Membrane, Phospholipid Bilayer, Cell Wall
LS.Bio.1.4	Construct explanations comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells — structures, and degree of complexity.	Prokaryote, Eukaryote, Plasmid, Unicellular, Multicellular, Tissue, Organ, Binary Fission
LS.Bio.1.5	Construct an explanation of how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.	DNA, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Nitrogenous Base, Complementary Base Pairing, Gene, Protein Synthesis, Transcription, Translation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, Codon, Anticodon

LS.Bio.2 — Analyze the growth and development processes of organisms.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.2.1	Use models to illustrate how cell division produces reproduction, growth and repair.	Cell Cycle, Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis, DNA Replication, Chromosome, Chromatin, Centromere, Sister Chromatids, Spindle Fibers, Diploid (2n), Haploid (1n), Somatic (Body) Cells, Asexual Reproduction
LS.Bio.2.2	Construct an explanation of how proteins regulate gene expression — giving differentiation, specialized cells, and uncontrolled growth.	Cell Differentiation, Adult Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells, Mutation, Cancer, Tumor, Benign, Malignant, Metastasize

LS.Bio.3 — Analyze the relationship between biochemical processes and energy use.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.3.1	Carry out investigations to explain how homeostasis is maintained through feedback mechanisms.	Homeostasis, Dynamic Equilibrium, Selectively Permeable (Semipermeable), Concentration Gradient, Diffusion, Osmosis, Passive Transport, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic, Turgor Pressure, Plasmolysis, Solute, Solvent, Solution, Diabetes
LS.Bio.3.2	Use models to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy.	Photosynthesis, Light (Radiant) Energy, Chlorophyll, Autotroph, Chemosynthesis
LS.Bio.3.3	Use models to illustrate how cellular respiration — aerobic and anaerobic — transforms chemical energy into ATP.	Cellular Respiration, Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, Alcoholic Fermentation, Lactic Acid Fermentation, ATP, Heterotroph

Strand 2 · Ecosystems — Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics¶

Ekosystemy — zależności, energia i dynamika — 14–22% of the EOC (7–11 items).

LS.Bio.4 — Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.4.1	Use models to illustrate how processes in organisms feed the flow of energy and the cycling of matter in an ecosystem.	Producer, Consumer, Decomposer, Nitrogen Fixation, Carbon Sink, Fossil Fuels
LS.Bio.4.2	Use models to explain the relationship between energy flow and matter cycling among an ecosystem's organisms.	Trophic Levels, Biomass, Bioaccumulation, Biological Magnification

LS.Bio.5 — Understand ecosystem dynamics, functioning, and resilience.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.5.1	Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how predator/prey relations and competition affect carrying capacity and stability.	Population, Community, Niche, Carrying Capacity (K), Limiting Factor, Exponential Growth (J-curve), Logistic Growth (S-curve), Predator, Prey, Symbiosis, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism
LS.Bio.5.2	Engage in argument from evidence to evaluate solutions that reduce human impact on biodiversity and ecosystem health.	Biodiversity, Invasive Species, Non-Native Species, Acid Rain, Algal Bloom, Eutrophication, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Mitigation

Strand 3 · Heredity — Inheritance and Variation of Traits¶

Dziedziczność — dziedziczenie i zmienność cech — 24–32% of the EOC (12–16 items).

LS.Bio.6 — Understand genetic mechanisms for variation.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.6.1	Use models to explain how DNA passes from parents to offspring through meiosis and fertilization.	Meiosis, Gametes (Sex Cells), Fertilization, Zygote †, Sexual Reproduction †, Homologous Chromosomes, Autosomal Chromosomes, Sex Chromosomes †, Karyotype, Genome
LS.Bio.6.2	Construct an explanation of where heritable variation comes from: new combinations in meiosis, mutations during replication, mutations caused by the environment.	Crossing Over, Independent Assortment, Genetic Recombination, Nondisjunction †, Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21), Mutation

LS.Bio.7 — Understand types of inheritance and how the environment can influence traits.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.7.1	Use mathematics and computational thinking to predict trait distributions — Mendelian, co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, sex-linked.	Genetics, Inheritance, Allele, Dominant Allele, Recessive Allele †, Homozygous, Heterozygous, Genotype, Phenotype †, Monohybrid Cross, Codominance, Incomplete Dominance, Multiple Alleles, Sex-Linked Traits †, Color Blindness, Hemophilia, Pedigree †, Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington's Disease
LS.Bio.7.2	Analyze and interpret data to explain how polygenic traits give a wide range of phenotypes.	Polygenic Inheritance †, Phenotype †
LS.Bio.7.3	Construct an explanation of how traits come from genetic factors and environmental factors interacting.	Polygenic Inheritance †, Sickle Cell Anemia †, Diabetes

LS.Bio.8 — Understand applications of genetics and biotechnology.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.8.1	Analyze and interpret data to compare DNA samples.	DNA Fingerprint, Gel Electrophoresis, Restriction Enzyme †, Karyotype
LS.Bio.8.2	Obtain and communicate information on how biotechnology affects the individual, society and the environment — including agriculture and medicine.	Biotechnology, Bioethics, Recombinant DNA †, Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), Transgenic Organism †, Bacterial Transformation, Cloning, CRISPR, Gene Therapy, Vaccine †

Strand 4 · Biological Evolution — Unity and Diversity¶

Ewolucja biologiczna — jedność i różnorodność — 20–28% of the EOC (10–14 items).

LS.Bio.9 — Understand natural selection as a mechanism for biological evolution.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.9.1	Analyze and interpret data on how geographic isolation, pesticide resistance and antibiotic resistance influence natural selection.	Geographic Isolation, Antibiotic Resistance, Pesticide Resistance, Selective Pressure, Gene Pool
LS.Bio.9.2	Construct an explanation of how several independent lines of evidence support common ancestry and evolution.	Evolution, Fossil Record, Homologous Structures, Analogous Structures, Vestigial Structure (Organ) †, Embryological Development, Morphology, Primitive
LS.Bio.9.3	Use models to illustrate what natural selection requires: overproduction of offspring, inherited variation, and the struggle to survive.	Natural Selection, Fitness (Biological), External Fertilization, Internal Fertilization, Spores, Seeds, Placenta
LS.Bio.9.4	Construct an explanation of how natural selection leads to adaptations within populations.	Adaptation, Camouflage, Estivation, Hibernation, Innate Behavior, Habituation, Imprinting, Classical Conditioning, Trial and Error Learning †, Taxis, Tropism †, Courtship, Pheromone, Territoriality †, Suckling

LS.Bio.10 — Analyze evolutionary relationships among organisms.¶

Objective	What it asks	Pages here
LS.Bio.10.1	Construct explanations of how changing environmental conditions change population sizes, produce new species, or drive species extinct.	Speciation, Extinction
LS.Bio.10.2	Use models — dichotomous keys, scientific nomenclature, cladograms, phylogenetic trees — to identify organisms and show how they are related.	Classification, Taxonomy †, Binomial Nomenclature, Dichotomous Key, Cladogram, Phylogenetic Tree, Domain (Classification), Kingdom (Taxon), Phylum (Taxon), Genus (Taxon), Species (Taxon)

Coverage¶

27 objectives, mapped onto all 250 term pages written so far — plus 19 terms still to write, the daggered ones (269 course terms in total). They sit in Units 5 and 6, and Heredity is the heaviest strand on the test, so that is where the gap costs most.

Sources¶

NC DPI — Science Standard Course of Study and the NC K-12 Science Standards Resource Hub — the official home of the 2023 standards, crosswalks and support documents. NCDPI serves them from the Hub rather than as a stable public PDF link.
NC Standard Course of Study — K-12 Science, approved July 2023 — a mirror copy (hosted by a third party, not NCDPI), and the one directly linkable full text: every page is footed "Approved July 2023", and its Biology section carries the verbatim wording of all twenty-seven objectives shortened above.
NC DPI — EOC NC Biology Test Specifications — strand weights, item counts, and the practice/core-idea split quoted above.
NC DPI — Honors Level Coursework — the honors framework: same standards, greater depth and scope.

(Generated by tools/build_nc_standards.py — edit the mapping in that script, not this page.)