Unit 4 — DNA and Cell Division / DNA i podziały komórkowe¶
← All units / Wszystkie działy
| English | Polski |
|---|---|
| This unit opens the cell's instruction book. It starts with DNA itself — the double helix, its sugar-phosphate backbone, and the pairing rule A–T, G–C — and how the cell copies it (DNA replication). Then it follows the instructions into action: transcription and translation turn genes into proteins, with mRNA, tRNA and rRNA each doing one job. Finally it watches a cell divide — the cell cycle, mitosis, cytokinesis — and asks what happens when the brakes on division fail: tumors and cancer — and how stem cells and differentiation decide what each new cell will become. | Ten dział otwiera księgę instrukcji komórki. Zaczyna od samego DNA — podwójnej helisy, szkieletu cukrowo-fosforanowego i reguły parowania zasad A–T, G–C — oraz od tego, jak komórka je kopiuje (replikacja DNA). Potem śledzi instrukcje w działaniu: transkrypcja i translacja zamieniają geny w białka, a mRNA, tRNA i rRNA wykonują przy tym po jednym zadaniu. Na koniec przygląda się dzielącej się komórce — cykl komórkowy, mitoza, cytokineza — i pyta, co się dzieje, gdy hamulce podziałów zawodzą: guzy i nowotwory — oraz jak komórki macierzyste i różnicowanie decydują, czym stanie się każda nowa komórka. |
| The storyline: one molecule (DNA) → its code read out as proteins (gene → mRNA → protein) → the molecule copied (replication) → the copies dealt out to two daughter cells (cell cycle, mitosis) → the control system that keeps division in check — and cancer, where that control is lost. | Oś działu: jedna cząsteczka (DNA) → odczyt jej kodu na białka (gen → mRNA → białko) → kopiowanie cząsteczki (replikacja) → rozdzielenie kopii do dwóch komórek potomnych (cykl komórkowy, mitoza) → system kontroli, który trzyma podziały w ryzach — i nowotwór, w którym ta kontrola zostaje utracona. |
The terms / Hasła¶
| Term | Po polsku | In one line |
|---|---|---|
| Adult Stem Cells | dorosłe komórki macierzyste | Tissue-repair cells that can become a limited range of cell types. |
| Anticodon | antykodon | The three bases on tRNA that match a codon on mRNA. |
| Asexual Reproduction | rozmnażanie bezpłciowe | One parent; genetically identical offspring. |
| Benign | nowotwór łagodny | A tumor that stays in place and does not spread. |
| Binary Fission | podział podwójny (prosty) | How bacteria reproduce: copy the DNA loop, split in two. |
| Cancer | nowotwór złośliwy (rak) | The disease of uncontrolled cell division. |
| Cell Cycle | cykl komórkowy | A cell's life plan: G1 → S → G2 → M. |
| Cell Differentiation | różnicowanie komórek | How a cell becomes specialized — genes switched on and off. |
| Centromere | centromer | The pinched "waist" holding sister chromatids together. |
| Chromatin | chromatyna | DNA in its loose, working form between divisions. |
| Chromosome | chromosom | One DNA molecule packed into a compact unit; humans have 46. |
| Codon | kodon | A three-letter mRNA "word" naming one amino acid. |
| Complementary Base Pairing | komplementarne parowanie zasad | The rule A–T and G–C (A–U in RNA). |
| Cytokinesis | cytokineza | Splitting the cytoplasm — the final cut into two cells. |
| Deoxyribose | deoksyryboza | The five-carbon sugar in DNA's backbone. |
| Diploid (2n) | komórka diploidalna (2n) | Two full chromosome sets; human body cells have 46. |
| DNA | DNA (kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy) | The double-helix molecule that stores genetic instructions. |
| DNA Replication | replikacja DNA | Copying DNA before division — each new helix keeps one old strand. |
| Embryonic Stem Cells | zarodkowe komórki macierzyste | Early-embryo cells that can become nearly any cell type. |
| Gene | gen | A stretch of DNA with the instructions for one product, usually a protein. |
| Haploid (1n) | komórka haploidalna (1n) | A single chromosome set; human sex cells have 23. |
| Interphase | interfaza | G1 + S + G2 — the cell grows and copies its DNA. |
| Malignant | złośliwy (o nowotworze) | Cancerous: invades neighbors and can spread. |
| Metastasize | dawać przerzuty (przerzutowanie) | To break away and start new tumors elsewhere in the body. |
| Mitosis | mitoza | Division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei (PMAT). |
| mRNA | mRNA (matrycowy RNA) | The messenger — carries a gene's recipe to the ribosome. |
| Mutation | mutacja | A change in the DNA sequence — harmful, neutral, or occasionally helpful. |
| Nitrogenous Base | zasada azotowa | The "letter" part of a nucleotide: A, T, G, C (U in RNA). |
| Protein Synthesis | biosynteza białka | The whole path from gene to protein: transcription, then translation. |
| Ribose | ryboza | The five-carbon sugar of RNA — and of ATP. |
| rRNA | rRNA (rybosomowy RNA) | The RNA that, together with proteins, builds the ribosome itself. |
| Sister Chromatids | chromatydy siostrzane | Two identical copies of one chromosome, joined at the centromere. |
| Somatic (Body) Cells | komórki somatyczne | All body cells except sex cells; diploid, made by mitosis. |
| Spindle Fibers | wrzeciono podziałowe | Protein ropes that pull the chromatids apart during division. |
| Transcription | transkrypcja | Copying a gene from DNA into mRNA. |
| Translation | translacja | The ribosome reads the mRNA and builds the protein. |
| tRNA | tRNA (transportujący RNA) | The delivery molecule — brings the right amino acid to the ribosome. |
| Tumor | guz (nowotwór) | A lump of extra cells; can be benign or malignant. |
AP Biology connection¶
The division half of this unit — cell cycle, interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, spindle fibers, and the whole cancer cluster (tumor, benign, malignant, metastasize) — maps onto AP Biology Unit 4 (Cell Communication and Cell Cycle): checkpoints, cyclins and CDKs, and p53 as the guardian of the genome. The molecular half — DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, the RNAs, codons, and mutation — is the core of AP Unit 6 (Gene Expression and Regulation), and the stem-cell and differentiation pages sit in Unit 6's gene-regulation story: one genome, different genes expressed. Diploid, haploid, and the somatic-vs-sex-cell distinction set up meiosis and AP Unit 5 (Heredity), which the next unit covers. The deep-dive section at the bottom of each term page goes there.